Do pigmentation and the melanocortin system modulate aggression and sexuality in humans as they do in other animals?
Review Do pigmentation and the melanocortin system modulate aggression and sexuality in humans as they do in other animals? J. Philippe Rushton a,⇑ , Donald I. Templer b a Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C2 b California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University, Fresno, CA 93704, United States article info Article history: Received 13 November 2011 Received in revised form 19 February 2012 Accepted 20 February 2012 Available online 15 March 2012 Keywords: Pigmentation Skin color Aggression Sexual activity HIV/AIDS Crime IQ Life history theory abstract Pigmentation of the hair, skin, cuticle, feather and eye is one of the most salient and variable attributes of vertebrates. In many species, melanin-based coloration is found to be pleiotropically linked to behavior. We review animal studies that have found darker pigmented individuals average higher amounts of aggression and sexual activity than lighter pigmented individuals. We hypothesize that similar relation- ships between pigmentation, aggression, and sexuality occur in humans. We first review the literature on non-human animals and then review some of the correlates of melanin in people, including aggression and sexual activity. Bothwithinhuman populations (e.g., siblings), andbetweenpopulations (e.g., races, nations, states), studies find that darker pigmented people average higher levels of aggression and sexual activity (and also lower IQ). We conceptualize skin color as a multigenerational adaptation to differences in climate over the last 70,000 years as a result of ‘‘cold winters theory’’ and the ‘‘Out-of-Africa’’ model of human origins. We propose life history theory to explain the covariation found between human (and non-human) pigmentation and variables such as birth rate, infant mortality, longevity, rate of HIV/AIDS, and violent crime. ⇑2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Across species, pigmentation of t…